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Fishlip Toikkanen
Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM
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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM
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Umbilical Cord Blood Collection Process

Step 1: Receive Your Kit
Once you've enrolled, you will receive a Cord Partners welcome package and a collection kit. Cord Partners' collection kit uses what is often referred to as the bag or gravity collection method. This method is preferred by physicians and midwives for its ease of use and ability to achieve an optimal collection volume. We will also provide your birthing specialist with the materials and instructions needed for the cord blood collection.

Step 2: Prepare for the Birth
Remember to take your cord blood collection kit with you to your birthing center when you are ready to deliver. We recommend packing it along with your other personal items in the overnight bag you have "ready to go" when you are close to your anticipated due date.

Step 3: Collect the Sample
The collection itself is clean, painless and does not interfere with your delivery. It is similar to the procedure used by the American Red Cross. The process starts by your birthing specialist clamping and cutting the umbilical cord. Next, they sanitize a small area of the cord and insert the needle into the umbilical vein, with a blood bag attached. Just like giving blood, the blood flows into the bag. This process takes less than 5 minutes. Then it's your turn. Your birthing specialist will draw a small blood sample from you for purposes of testing and processing.

Step 4: Call Cord Partners
Once this simple process is complete, call Cord Partners. We are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. We will verify your sample is ready for transport and arrange for a reputable medical courier to come directly to your hospital room. The kit should be sealed and remain with you until the courier arrives.

Step 5: Transport the Sample
Cord Partner's reputable medical courier will arrive to transport your baby's cord blood to our contracted AABB certified, federally regulated storage facility in Paramus, NJ. The kit is specifically designed to meet all regulatory requirements for shipping blood and to ensure that the package is insulated and padded to protect the sample from any damage. Our courier guarantees temperature control for the entire delivery process. Cord Partners will contact you when the lab has received the sample.

Step 6: Conduct the Testing
Once everything is received at the lab, tests are performed on the cord blood sample to determine volume, nucleated cell count, and sterilization. Infectious disease testing is performed on the mother's blood.

Step 7: Preserve and Store the Sample
Once tested, the cord blood unit is cryopreserved in cryoprotected blood bags at -196 degrees Celsius (-321 degrees Fahrenheit). We store in blood bags because studies have shown that bags allow for the best cell recovery rates after freezing, thawing and washing, and an even higher cell viability rate than other storage containers such as cryovials. The cryopreservation process includes submersion of your sample in liquid nitrogen at all times because this has proven to be the most effective method. After the storage process is complete, you will receive a copy of the test results and sample analysis.

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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM
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QUOTE (Duckboy @ Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM)
Umbilical Cord Blood Collection Process

Step 1: Receive Your Kit
Once you've enrolled, you will receive a Cord Partners welcome package and a collection kit. Cord Partners' collection kit uses what is often referred to as the bag or gravity collection method. This method is preferred by physicians and midwives for its ease of use and ability to achieve an optimal collection volume. We will also provide your birthing specialist with the materials and instructions needed for the cord blood collection.

Step 2: Prepare for the Birth
Remember to take your cord blood collection kit with you to your birthing center when you are ready to deliver. We recommend packing it along with your other personal items in the overnight bag you have "ready to go" when you are close to your anticipated due date.

Step 3: Collect the Sample
The collection itself is clean, painless and does not interfere with your delivery. It is similar to the procedure used by the American Red Cross. The process starts by your birthing specialist clamping and cutting the umbilical cord. Next, they sanitize a small area of the cord and insert the needle into the umbilical vein, with a blood bag attached. Just like giving blood, the blood flows into the bag. This process takes less than 5 minutes. Then it's your turn. Your birthing specialist will draw a small blood sample from you for purposes of testing and processing.

Step 4: Call Cord Partners
Once this simple process is complete, call Cord Partners. We are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. We will verify your sample is ready for transport and arrange for a reputable medical courier to come directly to your hospital room. The kit should be sealed and remain with you until the courier arrives.

Step 5: Transport the Sample
Cord Partner's reputable medical courier will arrive to transport your baby's cord blood to our contracted AABB certified, federally regulated storage facility in Paramus, NJ. The kit is specifically designed to meet all regulatory requirements for shipping blood and to ensure that the package is insulated and padded to protect the sample from any damage. Our courier guarantees temperature control for the entire delivery process. Cord Partners will contact you when the lab has received the sample.

Step 6: Conduct the Testing
Once everything is received at the lab, tests are performed on the cord blood sample to determine volume, nucleated cell count, and sterilization. Infectious disease testing is performed on the mother's blood.

Step 7: Preserve and Store the Sample
Once tested, the cord blood unit is cryopreserved in cryoprotected blood bags at -196 degrees Celsius (-321 degrees Fahrenheit). We store in blood bags because studies have shown that bags allow for the best cell recovery rates after freezing, thawing and washing, and an even higher cell viability rate than other storage containers such as cryovials. The cryopreservation process includes submersion of your sample in liquid nitrogen at all times because this has proven to be the most effective method. After the storage process is complete, you will receive a copy of the test results and sample analysis.

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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM
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QUOTE (ShadowMan @ Oct 24 2004, 10:27 PM)
QUOTE (Duckboy @ Oct 24 2004, 02:27 PM)
Umbilical Cord Blood Collection Process
 
Step 1:  Receive Your Kit
    Once you've enrolled, you will receive a Cord Partners welcome package and a collection kit. Cord Partners' collection kit uses what is often referred to as the bag or gravity collection method. This method is preferred by physicians and midwives for its ease of use and ability to achieve an optimal collection volume. We will also provide your birthing specialist with the materials and instructions needed for the cord blood collection.
 
Step 2:    Prepare for the Birth
    Remember to take your cord blood collection kit with you to your birthing center when you are ready to deliver. We recommend packing it along with your other personal items in the overnight bag you have "ready to go" when you are close to your anticipated due date.
 
Step 3:    Collect the Sample 
    The collection itself is clean, painless and does not interfere with your delivery. It is similar to the procedure used by the American Red Cross. The process starts by your birthing specialist clamping and cutting the umbilical cord. Next, they sanitize a small area of the cord and insert the needle into the umbilical vein, with a blood bag attached. Just like giving blood, the blood flows into the bag. This process takes less than 5 minutes. Then it's your turn. Your birthing specialist will draw a small blood sample from you for purposes of testing and processing.
 
Step 4:    Call Cord Partners
    Once this simple process is complete, call Cord Partners. We are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. We will verify your sample is ready for transport and arrange for a reputable medical courier to come directly to your hospital room. The kit should be sealed and remain with you until the courier arrives.
 
Step 5:    Transport the Sample
    Cord Partner's reputable medical courier will arrive to transport your baby's cord blood to our contracted AABB certified, federally regulated storage facility in Paramus, NJ. The kit is specifically designed to meet all regulatory requirements for shipping blood and to ensure that the package is insulated and padded to protect the sample from any damage. Our courier guarantees temperature control for the entire delivery process. Cord Partners will contact you when the lab has received the sample.
 
Step 6:    Conduct the Testing
    Once everything is received at the lab, tests are performed on the cord blood sample to determine volume, nucleated cell count, and sterilization. Infectious disease testing is performed on the mother's blood.
 
Step 7:    Preserve and Store the Sample
    Once tested, the cord blood unit is cryopreserved in cryoprotected blood bags at -196 degrees Celsius (-321 degrees Fahrenheit). We store in blood bags because studies have shown that bags allow for the best cell recovery rates after freezing, thawing and washing, and an even higher cell viability rate than other storage containers such as cryovials. The cryopreservation process includes submersion of your sample in liquid nitrogen at all times because this has proven to be the most effective method. After the storage process is complete, you will receive a copy of the test results and sample analysis.

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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:28 PM
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Colonel... What is this duck thing?
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Frequently Asked Questions

Why Should I Preserve My Baby's Cord Blood?

What Is The Difference Between A Stem Cell Transplant And Bone Marrow Transplant?

What Diseases Can Be Treated/Cured Through The Transplantation Of Stem Cells?

If There Is A Family History Of Disease, Such As Leukemia, Would It Be In The Newborn's Genes? If So, Would Stem Cell Transplantation From The Cord Blood Still Be An Effective Way To Treat The Disease?

Can The Baby's Stem Cells Be Used For A Sibling? Can They Also Be Used For A Relative Or Friend?

When And How Do You Collect The Cord Blood Stem Cells?

How Safe Is This For My Baby And Me? Will Either Of Us Feel Any Pain Or Discomfort?

How Many And What Tests Are Done On The Blood Samples?

Do We Get The Results Of Any Tests That Are Done? What Type Of Follow Up Is There?

How Long Can These Cells Be Stored And Still Be Usable?

At Some Point In The Future If My Child Or Another Family Member Needs These Cells, Can We Claim Them?

How Long Prior To My Due Date Should The Application Be Completed?

Is There A Fee For This Procedure?

When Is The Fee Due?

Is There A Payment Plan Available?

Is Stem Cell Preservation Covered By My Medical Insurance Plan?

What Happens If It Is A Multiple Birth?

When I'm In Labor, Or About To Deliver, I'm Not Likely To Be Concerned About Any Extra Details. What Happens When I Arrive At The Hospital?

Is My Birthing Specialist Familiar With The Collection Process?

Does My Birthing Specialist Charge For This Procedure?

Once Collected, How Do My Baby's Cells Get To Cord Partners' Lab?

Is Cord Partners Licensed To Perform This Procedure?

Does The FDA Monitor This Process And Do You Have Their Approval To Do This?

Why Should I Preserve My Baby's Cord Blood?
During pregnancy, the umbilical cord is the lifeline between mother and baby. Once the umbilical cord is discarded after your baby's birth, you lose the chance to preserve the precious stem cells it contains that are an exact match for your child. By preserving your baby's stem cells, he or she will have a guaranteed source of perfectly matched cells in the event a life threatening illness develops and the cells need to be used to combat the disease.

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What Is The Difference Between A Stem Cell Transplant And Bone Marrow Transplant?
Until now, the most common way to transfer stem cells from one person to another has been through bone marrow transplantation, which is a complex and risky procedure. Cord blood, a richer source of stem cells than bone marrow, eliminates many of the problems associated with bone marrow transplants should your child or other family member ever need such a treatment in their lifetime. With your child's own cord blood stem cells readily available, you do not have to look for a suitable match for your child, a painful bone marrow extraction procedure will not be necessary, and the risk of rejection is lower.

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What Diseases Can Be Treated/Cured Through The Transplantation Of Stem Cells?
Stem cells are used today in the treatment of leukemia, breast cancer, lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Aplastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, various other cancers, blood diseases, hereditary/genetic conditions and immune system disorders. There are approximately 1.4 million new cancer cases each year. As stem cell transplants become routine, they may be used to fight lung cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Lupus, AIDS and many other genetic diseases.

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If There Is A Family History Of Disease, Such As Leukemia, Would It Be In The Newborn's Genes? If So, Would Stem Cell Transplantation From The Cord Blood Still Be An Effective Way To Treat The Disease?
Leukemia is not present at the beginning of life, but is developed by mutation or change in normal genes later in life. Stem cells in cord blood are "pure" cells, and are collected before any changes have occurred in their genetic make-up. In the case of other types of cancers (e.g. solid tumors), stem cells are not involved and can be used for transplantation.

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Can The Baby's Stem Cells Be Used For A Sibling? Can They Also Be Used For A Relative Or Friend?
Stem cells from a baby are a perfect match only for the baby or for an identical twin, and may be a very good match for a sibling. They can be used for a relative or friend if their cells closely match the baby's cells.

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When And How Do You Collect The Cord Blood Stem Cells?
The collection process takes place after delivery when the cord has been separated from your newborn infant. In no way does it interfere with the birth of your baby. Your attending physician, nurse or midwife collects the cord blood utilizing a sterile kit provided by Cord Partners. The collected cord blood is sealed in a specially designed package and delivered to our laboratory for testing and processing. Finally, the sample is cryogenically stored until it needs to be retrieved.

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How Safe Is This For My Baby And Me? Will Either Of Us Feel Any Pain Or Discomfort?
The first priority is the care and well being of the baby. Stem cell extraction is very safe because the blood is collected after the cord has been separated from your baby. Neither you nor your baby will feel anything since this procedure is only done after the cord has been detached. The only thing you will feel is the blood sample drawn from you for the purposes of maternal blood testing.

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How Many And What Tests Are Done On The Blood Samples?
The FDA requires the following tests be performed on the mother's blood and the cord blood. We conduct all these test and and additional three tests; one for bacterial contaminants to make sure that the product from the cord blood is sterile, and the other two to determine the number and viability of stem cells in the cord blood.
ABO/Rh - used to determine the blood type of the donor.
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) - used in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic disease, heart disease and hepatotoxicity of some drugs.
RPR - qualitative screening test for the detection of syphilis.
Antibody Screen - used in the detection of unexpected antibodies to red cells in order to prepare or select donor units for transfusion.
HIV-1/2(Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2) - used to detect antibodies to HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 and to identify potentially infectious units of donated blood and plasma.
HTLV-I/II (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Types I & II) - used as a screen for donated blood to prevent transmission of HTLV-I and HTLV-II to recipients of blood components.
HbsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) - used as a qualitative and/or semi-quantitative test of total antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis B.
NAT (Nucleic Acid Test) - used for screening blood donors at unknown risk for HIV-1 infection.
HBC (Hepatitis B core Antibody) - used for the detection of total antibody to Hepatitis B virus core antigen, screening of blood and blood products intended for transfusion and as an aid in the diagnosis of ongoing or previous Hepatitis B virus infection.
HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) - used to detect antibody to Hepatitis C Virus.
CMV (Cytomegalovirus) Total Antibody - used as a screen for the presence of antibody to CMV in blood or plasma donors.
NAT-HCV & NAT HIV - Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) utilizes highly specific probes to detect the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and/or RNA (ribonucleic acid) of the Hepatitis C virus and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Confirmatory Tests performed in-house:
HIV-1 NAT Neutralization Test
HbsAg Confirmatory Test (Neutralization)
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Do We Get The Results Of Any Tests That Are Done? What Type Of Follow Up Is There?
Cord Partners will mail to your home a written report of all of the results within 4 to 6 weeks of your baby's birth.

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How Long Can These Cells Be Stored And Still Be Usable?
Currently, there is no determined "shelf-life" for cryogenically preserved cord blood cells. To date, the oldest cells required for use in a transplant were 15 years old. After that amount of time, there was no loss in cell viability or cell recovery rate.

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At Some Point In The Future If My Child Or Another Family Member Needs These Cells, Can We Claim Them?
The cells are uniquely labeled; no one can access these cells except you or your child when over the age of 18 years.

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How Long Prior To My Due Date Should The Application Be Completed?
We prefer that you contact us at least four weeks prior to your due date, which gives you time to review the materials and ask questions. However, Cord Partners will work to accommodate any last minute decision and ensure you are comfortable and prepared.

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Is There A Fee For This Procedure?
There is a one-time enrollment fee that includes the collection kit, processing, shipping*, and all associated tests, plus a small annual storage fee. Please refer to the Cord Partners Fee Schedule for current pricing.

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When Is The Fee Due?
The enrollment fee of $395 is due at enrollment, and processing fee of $1200 due at time of cord blood delivery to the laboratory. If for whatever reason we do not receive a sample from you for processing and storage, you will not be charged the processing fee.
Payment Plans Available: Click here

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Is There A Payment Plan Available?
There are multiple payment plan options available through Cord Partners. Click here or Please ask your local Partner for details AT 1-888-882-CORD (2673).

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Is Stem Cell Preservation Covered By My Medical Insurance Plan?
Some health plans are investigating whether to cover this procedure. We recommend you check directly with your provider to see if all or part of the costs may be covered.

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What Happens If It Is A Multiple Birth?
For multiple births, Cord Partners recommends collecting a sample from each child to ensure there is a match for each and enough viable cells are obtained. Cord Partners provides special pricing for parents planning a multiple birth.

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When I'm In Labor, Or About To Deliver, I'm Not Likely To Be Concerned About Any Extra Details. What Happens When I Arrive At The Hospital?
The only thing you will need to do is remember to bring the collection kit with you to the delivery room. We recommend packing it along with your other personal items in the overnight bag you have "ready to go" when you get close to your due date. Cord Partners will arrange to have the kit retrieved by our medical courier, at the birthing center once the procedure is complete.

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Is My Birthing Specialist Familiar With The Collection Process?
After you register with Cord Partners, we will send a letter to your caregiver informing them you have decided to save your baby's stem cells. We will then contact them directly to make sure they have all of the information they need. Keep in mind the collection process is very simple and easily performed.

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Does My Birthing Specialist Charge For This Procedure?
Because of the simplicity of the procedure, many caregivers do not charge for collecting your sample but we recommend checking with them directly. In the event the birthing specialist charges a fee, Cord Partners will reimburse you up to $100 to offset this cost.

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Once Collected, How Do My Baby's Cells Get To Cord Partners' Lab?
After your sample is collected and you are comfortable in your room, please contact Cord Partners' 24 hour service. We will arrange to have your sample picked up by our certified medical courier and transported to the lab where processing and testing will immediately begin.

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Is Cord Partners Licensed To Perform This Procedure?
Yes, our lab is accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks and is licensed by the New Jersey Department of Health to store samples from all over the world.

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Does The FDA Monitor This Process And Do You Have Their Approval To Do This?
To date, the FDA does not regulate stem cell preservation. However, since our lab is a public Blood Center it must follow all FDA guidelines and regulations for the collection, testing and processing of blood and blood products. They monitor themselves and follow the same safety/sterile procedures in the stem cell preservation program that they do for all other programs. The tests performed on your sample are the same tests done on every unit of blood collected for the Blood Center.

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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:28 PM
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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:28 PM
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Washington's former Catholic leader dies
Archbishop Hickey was activist on Central America

Sunday, October 24, 2004 Posted: 12:55 PM EDT (1655 GMT)

story.hickey.ap.jpg
Cardinal James Hickey during a funeral Mass in Washington for Mother Teresa in 1997.

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Cardinal James A. Hickey, former archbishop of Washington, who led the Roman Catholic Church in the nation's capital for two decades, died Sunday. He was 84.

One of 13 Americans in the College of Cardinals, Hickey led the Washington Diocese from 1980 to 2000. He died in a Washington nursing home after "his health slowly deteriorated over the past year," said Susan Gibbs, the diocese spokeswoman.

Born October 11, 1920, in Midland, Michigan, Hickey was ordained a priest 58 years ago and became a cardinal in 1988, eight years after he became archbishop of Washington. On his selection as cardinal, Hickey expressed humility and appreciation to the pope.

"In the years remaining for me, I shall strive to be a caring pastor, a faithful teacher, a loving father and brother and a true servant of the people of God in the District of Columbia and the five counties of Maryland," Hickey said at the time. "I am truly honored, very humbled and deeply grateful that our Holy Father, Pope John Paul II, has chosen me to serve as a cardinal of the church."

Cardinal Theodore McCarrick, his successor as archbishop and a friend of more than 40 years, said Hickey's death was a "poignant loss for the church of Washington and a personal loss for me."

McCarrick said that despite his lingering illnesses, Hickey "continued to be a great inspiration to us all. ... He was a great archbishop and a good and holy priest. We will all miss his smile and his wisdom very much."

Hickey came to Washington with a reputation as an activist priest. He became a crucial figure in dealing with the government on issues affecting the church in Central America.

Two of four nuns murdered in El Salvador in 1980, the year Hickey was brought to Washington, had been under his jurisdiction as bishop of Cleveland, and he had ridden in the van in which they were murdered.

Former President Reagan's secretary of state, Alexander Haig, said the four nuns were trying to run a roadblock when troops of El Salvador's right-wing government shot them. A 1993 U.N. report on human rights abuses by that earlier Salvadoran government called Haig's statement "totally outrageous."

Also in 1980, Hickey attended the tumultuous funeral of his friend, assassinated Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero, whose death precipitated a 12-year civil war that ended in 1992.

Hickey began his activist career ministering to immigrants in the Saginaw, Michigan, area, said Hickey's longtime secretary, Monsignor Kevin T. Hart. "He will be remembered for his work with the poor," said Hart, pastor of St. Ann's Catholic Church in Washington.

Hickey lobbied for increased spending to aid the poor, tried to persuade members of Congress to stop giving aid to the Nicaraguan Contras in the 1980s and pushed for bishops to take strong stands in favor of nuclear disarmament and against increased military spending.

Often described as a conservative on church issues despite his social activism, Hickey expressed compassion when a priest in his diocese died of AIDS in 1987. Little was known then about the disease except that it was transmitted through intimate sexual contact, infected needles used in illegal drug use or contaminated blood transfusions.

Hickey said he encouraged the Rev. Michael R. Peterson to disclose his illness because he wanted to demonstrate that compassion for AIDS patients was as much a part of church teaching as its rejection of homosexual relations. He said he never asked the priest how he contracted AIDS.

At his death, Hickey had lived for about a year at the Jeanne JuGan Home in Washington under the care of the Little Sisters of the Poor. McCarrick was with the cardinal when he died, as were several priests and bishops and Hickey's nephew, Gibbs said.

A Mass will be celebrated Saturday at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. Gibbs said a public viewing will be scheduled this week, but arrangements have not been completed.


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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:29 PM
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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:29 PM
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Posted: Oct 24 2004, 02:30 PM
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History of Cheese

Introduction
Cheese is one of the most varied and subtle foods in the world. In taste cheese can be bland, buttery, innocuous, rich, creamy, pungent, sharp, salty or lightly delicate. In texture it can be hard enough to chip off in flakes, so soft and runny that it needs to be eaten with a spoon or at any one of a dozen points of softness and firmness between these two extremes. In aroma, cheese can be rank and overpowering enough to turn the stomach of the strongest man (and still be eaten with relish by devotees), delicately aromatic or virtually unnoticeable. Cheese can serve as the perfect companion for wines, a superbly satisfying finale to a gourmet meal or simply as a basic nourishing foodstuff for family snacks.

The Start
Archaeologists have discovered that as far back as 6000 BC cheese had been made from cow's and goat's milk and stored in tall jars. Egyptian tomb murals of 2000 BC show butter and cheese being made, and other murals which show milk being stored in skin bags suspended from poles demonstrate a knowledge of dairy husbandry at that time.

It is likely that nomadic tribes of Central Asia found animal skin bags a useful way to carry milk on animal backs when on the move. Fermentation of the milk sugars would cause the milk to curdle and the swaying motion would break up the curd to provide a refreshing whey drink. The curds would then be removed, drained and lightly salted to provide a tasty and nourishing high protein food, i.e. a welcome supplement to meat protein.

Cheesemaking, thus, gradually evolved from two main streams. The first was the liquid fermented milks such as yoghurt, koumiss and kefir. The second through allowing the milk to acidify to form curds and whey. Whey could then be drained either through perforated earthenware bowls or through woven reed baskets or similar material.
The Legend
Most authorities consider that cheese was first made in the Middle East. The earliest type was a form of sour milk which came into being when it was discovered that domesticated animals could be milked. A legendary story has it that cheese was 'discovered' by an unknown Arab nomad. He is said to have filled a saddlebag with milk to sustain him on a journey across the desert by horse. After several hours riding he stopped to quench his thirst, only to find that the milk had separated into a pale watery liquid and solid white lumps. Because the saddlebag, which was made from the stomach of a young animal, contained a coagulating enzyme known as rennin, the milk had been effectively separated into curds and whey by the combination of the rennin, the hot sun and the galloping motions of the horse. The nomad, unconcerned with technical details, found the whey drinkable and the curds edible.
The Jews
From Biblical sources we learn that when David escaped across the River Jordan he was fed with 'cheese of kine' (cows) (2 Samuel 17:29), and it is said that he presented ten cheeses to the captain of the army drawn up to do battle with Saul (1 Samuel 17:18). Indeed, records show that there was at one time a location near Jerusalem called 'The Valley of the Cheesemakers'. Clearly, skills had been developed to preserve milk either as an acid-curd based cheese or as a range of lactic cheeses, and fermented milks such as today's unsweetened natural yoghurt.
Roman Cheesemaking
Learning these techniques, the Romans with their characteristic efficiency were quick to develop cheesemaking to a fine art. Cheesemaking was done with skill and knowledge and reached a high standard. By this time the ripening process had been developed and it was known that various treatments and conditions under storage resulted in different flavours and characteristics. The larger Roman houses had a separate cheese kitchen, the caseale, and also special areas where cheese could be matured. In large towns home-made cheese could be taken to a special centre to be smoked. Written evidence shows clearly how far the Romans had changed the art of cheesemaking:-

Homer, ca. 1184 BC, refers to cheese being made in the mountain caves of Greece from the milk of sheep and goats. Indeed one variety called 'Cynthos' was made and sold by the Greeks to the Romans at a price of about 1p per lb. This could well have been the Feta cheese of today.

Aristotle, 384 - 322 BC, commented on cheese made from the milk of mares and asses - the Russian 'koumiss' is in fact derived from mare's milk and is fermented to provide an alcoholic content of up to 3%.

Varro, ca. 127 BC, had noted the difference in cheeses made from a number of locations and commented on their digestibility. By this time the use of rennet had become commonplace, providing the cheesemaker with far greater control over the types of curd produced. Cheese had started to move from subsistence to commercial levels and could be marketed accordingly.

Columella, ca. AD 50, wrote about how to make cheese in considerable detail. Scottish cheesemakers today would be perfectly at home with many of the principles he set out so clearly some 1900 years ago.

By AD 300, cheese was being regularly exported to countries along the Mediterranean seaboard. Trade had developed to such an extent that the emperor Diocletian had to fix maximum prices for a range of cheeses including an apple-smoked cheese highly popular with Romans. Yet another cheese was stamped and sold under the brand name of 'La Luna', and is said to have been the precursor of today's Parmesan which was first reported as an individual make of cheese in AD 1579.

Thus, Roman expertise spread throughout Europe wherever their empire extended. While the skills remained at first with the landowners and Roman farmers, there is little doubt that in time they also percolated down to the local population. Roman soldiers, who had completed their military service and intermarried with the local populace, set up their 'coloniae' farms in retirement, and may well have passed on their skills in cheesemaking.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire around AD 410, cheesemaking spread slowly via the Mediterranean, Aegean and Adriatic seas to Southern and Central Europe. The river valleys provided easy access and methods adopted for production were adapted to suit the different terrain and climatic conditions. Cheesemakers in remote mountainous areas naturally used the milk of goats and sheep.

Tribes such as the Helvetica, who had settled in the Swiss Alps, developed their own distinctive types of cheese. They were in fact so successful in doing this that for a period all export of their Emmental cheese was banned. In Central and Eastern Europe the displacement of people through centuries of war and invasion inevitably slowed down developments in cheesemaking until the Middle Ages. Production was often restricted to the more remote mountainous areas where sensible cheesemakers simply kept their heads down and hoped for the best.

In the fertile lowlands of Europe dairy husbandry developed at a faster pace and cheesemaking from cows' milk became the norm. Hence, the particular development of cheeses such as Edam and Gouda in the Netherlands. This was much copied elsewhere under a variety of similar names such as Tybo and Fynbo. A hard-pressed cheese, relatively small in size, brine-salted and waxed to reduce moisture losses in storage, proved both marketable and easy to distribute.

France developed a wider range of cheeses from the rich agricultural areas in the south and west of that country. By and large,soft cheese production was preferred with a comparatively long making season. Hard-pressed cheese appeared to play a secondary role. To some extent this reflects the Latin culture of the nation, mirroring the cheese types produced in the Mediterranean areas as distinct from the hard-pressed cheese that were developed in the northern regions of Europe for storage and use in the long cold winter months that lay ahead.

However, throughout the Dark Ages little new progress was made in developing new cheese types.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, monks became innovators and developers and it is to them we owe many of the classic varieties of cheese marketed today. During the Renaissance period cheese suffered a drop in popularity, being considered unhealthy, but it regained favour by the nineteenth century, the period that saw the start of the move from farm to factory production.
The Development of Some Cheese Varieties with the Date First Recorded
Cheese Variety Year(AD)
-------------- --------
Gorgonzola 879
Roquefort 1070
Grana 1200
Cheddar 1500
Parmesan 1579
Gouda 1697
Gloucester 1697
Stilton 1785
Camembert 1791
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